[Study of glycoconjugates terminal sugars during gonadogenesis in rat by lectin histochemical method]

Gonadogenesis is a complex developmental process which is regulated by molecular interactions such as cell surface and extracellular matrix [ECM] Glycoconjugates terminal sugars. The aim of this study was to determine Glycoconjugates terminal sugars expressions and changes during Gonadogenesis in Rat using Lectin histochemical technique. To determine of glycoconjugate terminal sugers by Lectin histochemistry method, thirty Wistar Rat embryos at different stages from days 12 to 16 of gestation were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and cut in to 5microm thickness sections serially. The sections were incubated with different HRP- lectins from Lotus tetragonolobus [LTA], Maclura pomifera[MPA] and Arachis hypogaea or Peanut [PNA], that are specific for terminal sugars L-Fuc [alpha2-4]GlcNAc, Gal[beta1-3]GalNAc and D-Gal[beta1-3]DGalNAc respectively. On the basis of colorimetery data that was determined by blind's method, sections were graded and SPSS statistic soft ware and kruscal Wallis tests were used for comparing different embryonic stages. Our finding showed that LTA did not react with developing gonads at gestational day 12[E12]. LTA reactivity was found in extracellular matrix [ECM] of developing gonads from E14 through E16 [P<0.05] and PGCS as well as surface epithelium at E16 [P<0.05]. Surface epithelium were reacted with MPA from E12 to E14 and increased LTA reactivity at E16 [P<0.05]. ECM was reacted with MPA at E14 and diminished at E16 [P<0.05]. LTA reactivity was found in PGCS at E16. PNA did not react with developing gonads at gestational day 12[E12] but its reaction was started with PGCS from E14 and increased to E16 [P<0.05]. In addition, PNA reactivity was started with ECM and surface epithelium from E14 and increased at E16 significantly [P<0.05]. According to our result, it is concluded that the expression and changes of glycoconjugates with terminal sugars L -Fuc [alpha2-4] GlcNAC, and D-Gal [beta1-3] DGalNAC are regulated developmentally during rat gonadogenesis

comparison between unreamed locked intramedullary nailing and plate-screw fixation in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fractures

Tibial diaphyseal fracture is the most common fracture of long bones. In Iran plating and un-dreamed tibial nailing [UTN] are the most commonly used methods and because of paucity of equipments such as c-arm and reaming sets, the reamed method is rarely used. This study compares these two methods. In a randomized clinical trial study including 100 patients [78 males, 22 females; mean age=24 years; range=16-50 years] undergoing UTN and plate-screw in the treatment of uncomminuted closed tibial shaft fractures [50 patients in each group] were compared regarding the union time and complications after a mean follow up of 16 months [12-20 months]. the mean time to union was 16 weeks with UTN and 14.3 weeks with plate-screw fixation. There was 4 [8%] and 3 [6%] non unions after UTN and plating respectively. Plain radiographs in both groups showed angu-lation in 3 patients; all in distal third and in varus [6%]. There was not any infection after UTN but one case of superficial and one case of deep infection were noticed after osteosynthesis with plate and screw [4%]. Four patients after UTN and 4 patients after fixation with plate-screw required reoperation [8%]. plate-screw osteosynthesis yielded satisfactory results in uncomminuted closed fractures of the tibial shaft comparable with UTN results

[Comparison of the efficacy and duration of three different methods of digital block]

Finger injuries are very common and majority of them can be treated under digital block anesthesia. Traditional digital block is one of the most commonly performed blocks performed by care providers in several medical fields. There are two other less known methods, transthecal [pulley] block, in which local anesthesia is injected into the flexor tendon sheat that needs less volume of anesthesia and hasnot neurovascular complications and subcutaneous block in which local anesthesia is injected subcutaneously at the level of A1 pulley. This study aimed to compare the results of the three methods of digital block. A prospective randomized clinical trial was performed at Kashani hospital to compare the less known transthecal [pulley] and subcutaneous methods with traditional digital block with regard to the length of anesthesia and need to another anesthetic method [due to insufficient anesthesia] as a supplement. We divided 150 patients that were admitted to kashani hospital operating room due to finger injury, randomly, into three groups. In each group the patients were anesthetized by one of the three different methods. All blocks were performed by the same investigator. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using T test. Mean length of anesthesia was 34.2 min's in the transthecal digital block method and 34 min's in the subcutaneous method and 33.8 min's in the traditional digital block method. A repeat injection or local infiltration as a supplement was necessary in 5 instances [7 blocks] in the traditional digital block method and 9 instances [11 blocks] in the subcutaneous method [p < 0.05]. Regarding fewer injections and less amount of lidocaine and no risk of damaging the neurovascular bundles and comparable length of anesthesia and no need to supplemental anesthesia, transthecal digital block is an appropriate alternative to traditional digital block and subcutaneous inje

Determination of the lowest valuable titer [Cut-off titer] of antitoxoplasma antibodies for detection of Toxoplasmosis in sheep by ELIS A and IFA tests

To investigate 1] the cut-off liters of antitoxoplasma antibodies through in IgG- ELIS A and IFA tests and 2] application of IgG- ELIS A rather than IFA test for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis [Toxoplasma gondii] in mature sheep. One hundred and ten Iranian mature sheep. The serum samples were examined to determine the final positive dilution of antitoxoplasma antibody by IgG-ELIS A and IFA tests. For this purpose, immunoreactivity of the final positive dilution of each serum with to SAG-1 antigen was determined by western blot analysis. The ELIS A microplate coated with 105 tachyzoites/ well, was incubated with diluted sheep sera. After adding of substrate, enzymatic activity was measured at 492 nm. Samples with higher absorbance values [=2.5 times greater than these values of negative controls] designated as positive.The data obtained from 110 sera with IFA and ELIS A was compared with each other to determine the percentage of agreement between them. Using a chi-square test to show the significant differences between results of IFA and ELIS A. Furthermore, these results were compared to determine the percentage of agreement between them. 24 out of 110 serum samples were concordant positive [21.8%] and 79 cases [70.9%] were concordant negative in both IFA and ELISA. All positive samples exhibited strong reactivity to SAG-1 [30 KD band]. Among 110 serum samples, five discordant ELISA- positive and two discordant IFA- positive sera had no reactivity with SAG-1 band in WB. Moreover, there is 92.7% coincidence between results of ELISA and IFA tests. In this study the lowest valuable titer, for detection of Toxoplasmosis in sheep, was obtained as 1:40 and 1:100 in the IFA and ELISA tests, respectively. Furthermore, immunoreactivity of serum dilutions to S AG-1 antigen in the WB proved to be a useful tool for setting of optimum cut-off liters in the IFA and ELISA tests

[Assessment of sialic acid distribution in mouse epididymis]

Previous studies have shown that epididymal epithelium and its secretions are critical for sperm maturation. These secretions contain many glycoconjugates with sialic acid terminal sugar. This terminal sugar by intervening in cellular interactions and masking surface receptors has an important role in sperm maturation and protection. Moreover, lectins have been employed as useful probes to detect the presence of glycoconjugates with specific sugar residues such as sialic acid. Considering the importance of sialic acid, distribution of this terminal sugar in different parts of mouse epididymis was studied by means of lectin histochemistry. For this purpose, epididymal tissue species were obtained from 15 adult male BALB/c mice. After fixation and routine laboratory process, 5 pm sections prepared from paraf3n blocks. Slides were exposed to lectins with lectin-histochemistry. For this purpose, Wheat germ agglutinin [WGA], specific for sialic acid, was employed. Then they assessed with light microscope. The rate of reactions in epithelial cells and spermatozoa were significantly different n different parts of epididymis. In the manner that, in spermatozoa, stereo cilia and luminal surface the least reactions were seen in caput, while the most reactions were seen in cauda. Epithelial cells, too, showed less reaction in caput comparing to corpus and tail of epididymis. Sialic acid has been identified in many glycoproteins secreted by epididymis and is necessary for sperm maturation. It seems that this maturation happens mostly in bod2 and tail of epididymis during epididymal transit. Increase in sialic acid content of spermatozoa during epididymal transit is probably due to the secretion of glycoconjugates containing this component by epididymal principal and flask cells

[Serologic survey of cattle infected with BVD virus by indirect ELISA and compare the use of milk- ELISA and serum- ELISA in Urmia]

Objective: detecting of seropositive cattle to BVD virus by indirect ELISA using milk and serum samples from individual cows, comparing the use of milk instead of blood serum for determining the BVDV infection in cattle herds

Design: bovine viral diarrhea seroprevalence survey in cattle using milk and serum ELISA by retrospective study

Animals: one hundred and eighty eight milky cows and 45 calves 0.5-2 years old [Native and hybride] from 24 cattle herds in subord of Urmia

Procedure: preparing serum and skim milk for detection of anti- BVDV antibody by indirect ELISA. The sera were diluted 1:25 and the milk samples were used as undiluted. The sera and milk which had OD equal or higher than 2.5 time OD of reference negative control serum and milk, considered as ELISA-positive. The data obtained from 188 matched sets of milk and serum were statistically compared with each other to determine the percentage of correlation between them

Statistical analysis: student's t and chi square tests

Results: out of 188 pairs milk and serum, 52 cases [27.65%] of milk and 59 [31.38%] of serum samples were ELISA positive. The data showed 96% correlation between the results of milk-ELISA and serum-ELISA

Conclusion: the present study showed that milk-ELISA is well performed in compared with serum-ELISA test. However the output of milk-ELISA was 3.72% less than serum-ELISA in detection of animals infected with BVDV, but on significant differences was found between the results gained by milk-ELISA [27.65%] and serum-ELISA [3 1.38%] test by student's t-test. Therefore, the milk can be used instead of serum in ELISA for detection of infected herds as a screening test